{"id":10299,"date":"2026-10-11T15:14:37","date_gmt":"2026-10-11T13:14:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/websrv.saske.sk\/uef\/?p=10299"},"modified":"2026-10-12T15:26:58","modified_gmt":"2026-10-12T13:26:58","slug":"vivat-scientia-od-absolutnej-nuly-k-levitacii-tajomstva-supravodivosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/websrv.saske.sk\/uef\/vivat-scientia-od-absolutnej-nuly-k-levitacii-tajomstva-supravodivosti\/","title":{"rendered":"Vivat Scientia! Od absol\u00fatnej nuly k levit\u00e1cii: tajomstv\u00e1 supravodivosti."},"content":{"rendered":"

\u010co sa stane s hmotou, ke\u010f ju ochlad\u00edme na hranicu mo\u017en\u00e9ho? Ako vyzer\u00e1 svet pri teplot\u00e1ch bl\u00edzkych absol\u00fatnej nule a pre\u010do m\u00f4\u017eeme Ko\u0161ice s\u010dasu na\u010das prirovna\u0165 k jedn\u00e9mu z najchladnej\u0161\u00edch miest vo vesm\u00edre? Aj na tieto ot\u00e1zky priniesla odpovede populariza\u010dn\u00e1 predn\u00e1\u0161ka Od absol\u00fatnej nuly k levit\u00e1cii: tajomstv\u00e1 supravodivosti<\/i>, ktor\u00e1 sa po pr\u00e1zdninovej prest\u00e1vke uskuto\u010dnila 30. septembra 2026 v Divadle P\u00fachov v r\u00e1mci cyklu Vivat Scientia! Nech \u017eije veda!<\/b><\/p>\n

Jozef Ka\u010dmar\u010d\u00edk z \u00dastavu experiment\u00e1lnej fyziky SAV, v. v. i., svojou predn\u00e1\u0161kou zaviedol publikum do sveta extr\u00e9mne n\u00edzkych tepl\u00f4t \u2013 od tepl\u00f4t, ktor\u00e9 pozn\u00e1me z prirodzen\u00e9ho prostredia na r\u00f4znych miestach na\u0161ej plan\u00e9ty, cez podmienky vo vesm\u00edre a\u017e po teploty dosahovan\u00e9 v laborat\u00f3ri\u00e1ch. K\u00fdm pr\u00edroda vo vesm\u00edre dok\u00e1\u017ee dosiahnu\u0165 teploty pribli\u017ene jeden kelvin nad absol\u00fatnou nulou, v ko\u0161ick\u00fdch laborat\u00f3ri\u00e1ch sa fyzikom dar\u00ed schladi\u0165 prostredie a\u017e na pribli\u017ene 50 mikrokelvinov nad absol\u00fatnou nulou.<\/p>\n

Predn\u00e1\u0161ka pribl\u00ed\u017eila aj hist\u00f3riu dosahovania rekordne n\u00edzkych tepl\u00f4t \u2013 od snahy skvapalni\u0165 plyny na za\u010diatku 20. storo\u010dia a\u017e po skvapalnenie h\u00e9lia, ktor\u00e9 sa v roku 1908 podarilo Heikemu Kamerlinghovi Onnesovi. Pr\u00e1ve jeho \u010fal\u0161ie experimenty o nieko\u013eko rokov nesk\u00f4r viedli k objavu supravodivosti.<\/p>\n

Publikum sa dozvedelo, \u010do sa deje s materi\u00e1lmi pri ochladzovan\u00ed. S klesaj\u00facou teplotou sa at\u00f3my v kry\u0161t\u00e1lovej mrie\u017eke pohybuj\u00fa menej a elektr\u00f3ny m\u00f4\u017eu prech\u00e1dza\u0165 materi\u00e1lom s men\u0161\u00edm odporom. Pri ortuti v\u0161ak Kamerlingh Onnes v roku 1911 pozoroval nie\u010do \u00faplne ne\u010dakan\u00e9 \u2013 pri kritickej teplote jej elektrick\u00fd odpor n\u00e1hle klesol na nulu. Objavila sa supravodivos\u0165.<\/p>\n

Jedn\u00fdm z najp\u00f4sobivej\u0161\u00edch momentov predn\u00e1\u0161ky boli praktick\u00e9 uk\u00e1\u017eky supravodivosti. Schladen\u00fd supravodi\u010d sa po umiestnen\u00ed nad magnetick\u00fa dr\u00e1hu vzniesol a za\u010dal nad \u0148ou levitova\u0165. N\u00e1v\u0161tevn\u00edci tak mohli na vlastn\u00e9 o\u010di vidie\u0165 jav, ktor\u00fd s\u00favis\u00ed s jednou z charakteristick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed supravodi\u010dov \u2013 ich spr\u00e1van\u00edm v magnetickom poli.<\/p>\n

Supravodivos\u0165 nie je len zauj\u00edmav\u00fdm fyzik\u00e1lnym javom demon\u0161trovan\u00fdm napr\u00edklad magnetickou levit\u00e1ciou v laborat\u00f3rnych podmienkach, ale nach\u00e1dza aj v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 praktick\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie. Jednou z jej aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed s\u00fa technol\u00f3gie magnetickej levit\u00e1cie, napr\u00edklad vlaky typu SCMaglev, ktor\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa supravodiv\u00e9 magnety na levit\u00e1ciu a pohyb nad tra\u0165ou a umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa dosahova\u0165 ve\u013emi vysok\u00e9 r\u00fdchlosti. Supravodiv\u00e9 magnety zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu aj vo Ve\u013ekom hadr\u00f3novom ur\u00fdch\u013eova\u010di (LHC) v CERN-e, kde vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa siln\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 polia potrebn\u00e9 na usmer\u0148ovanie zv\u00e4zkov nabit\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc.<\/p>\n

Predn\u00e1\u0161ka tak uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee cesta k absol\u00fatnej nule nie je iba h\u013eadan\u00edm \u010do najni\u017e\u0161ej teploty. Je z\u00e1rove\u0148 cestou k objavovaniu vlastnost\u00ed hmoty, ktor\u00e9 pri be\u017en\u00fdch podmienkach nepozorujeme, no s\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre bud\u00facnos\u0165 vedy a technologick\u00e9ho rozvoja v mnoh\u00fdch oblastiach. Od nulov\u00e9ho elektrick\u00e9ho odporu a\u017e po magnetick\u00fa levit\u00e1ciu, supravodivos\u0165 otv\u00e1ra dvere technol\u00f3gi\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 boli e\u0161te doned\u00e1vna pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za sci-fi.<\/p>\n

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Spracovala: Lenka Ula\u0161inov\u00e1 Bystrianska<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Prevzat\u00e9 z Aktuality SAV<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a> \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a> \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u010co sa stane s hmotou, ke\u010f ju ochlad\u00edme na hranicu mo\u017en\u00e9ho? Ako vyzer\u00e1 svet pri teplot\u00e1ch bl\u00edzkych absol\u00fatnej nule a pre\u010do m\u00f4\u017eeme Ko\u0161ice s\u010dasu na\u010das…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":10300,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10299","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktuality"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/websrv.saske.sk\/uef\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10299","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/websrv.saske.sk\/uef\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/websrv.saske.sk\/uef\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/websrv.saske.sk\/uef\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/websrv.saske.sk\/uef\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10299"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/websrv.saske.sk\/uef\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10299\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10308,"href":"https:\/\/websrv.saske.sk\/uef\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10299\/revisions\/10308"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/websrv.saske.sk\/uef\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10300"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/websrv.saske.sk\/uef\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10299"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/websrv.saske.sk\/uef\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10299"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/websrv.saske.sk\/uef\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}